Perturbative aspects of the electroweak phase transition with a complex singlet and implications for gravitational wave predictions

TL;DR

This paper compares different perturbative methods for predicting the electroweak phase transition and gravitational wave signals in a complex singlet extension of the Standard Model, highlighting the advantages of the 3D EFT approach.

Contribution

It systematically analyzes the gauge dependence and renormalization scheme effects, demonstrating the robustness of the 3D EFT method over 4D approaches for phase transition predictions.

Findings

3D EFT provides more reliable predictions for phase transition parameters.

The 3D EFT reduces theoretical uncertainties in gravitational wave spectrum predictions.

Higher-dimensional operators can significantly affect transition strength and GW signals.

Abstract

We present a detailed analysis of strong first-order electroweak phase transitions within the extension of the Standard Model by a complex scalar singlet (cxSM). Focusing on the impact of renormalization scale and gauge dependence, we systematically compare commonly used perturbative frameworks for predicting thermodynamic observables that characterize the phase transition and the associated gravitational-wave (GW) spectrum. These include both the four-dimensional ($4D$) formalism and the dimensionally reduced three-dimensional effective field theory ($3D$ EFT) approach in different renormalization schemes. Within the $3D$ EFT, we compute the effective potential up to two-loop order in a general $R_\xi$ gauge, and demonstrate that applying the $\hbar$-expansion yields gauge-independent results in excellent agreement with those obtained from a direct minimization of the loop-corrected potential. In contrast, large discrepancies between the two methods persist in the $4D$ approaches. We find that, across most of the parameter space, the $3D$ EFT approach provides the most robust predictions for phase-transition parameters and GW spectra, reducing theoretical uncertainties in the GW peak amplitude by more than an order of magnitude compared to the $4D$ calculations. We point out, however, that the $3D$ EFT approach is subject to an additional theory uncertainty from truncating the EFT at finite operator dimension and show that higher-dimensional operators within the $3D$ EFT approach can substantially modify the predicted transition strength and GW signals. This indicates a potential breakdown of the high-temperature expansion precisely in the region with the lowest transition temperatures, where the strongest GW signals are expected and the detection prospects with LISA are most promising.