The Geometry of Hidden Modes in Distance-Based Formation Control

TL;DR

This paper develops a geometric framework to analyze hidden uncontrollable modes in distance-based formation control, linking system geometry to disturbance rejection capabilities.

Contribution

It introduces a unified geometric approach to characterize uncontrollable modes, including local and global rotational subspaces, in formation control systems.

Findings

Uncontrollable rigid-body modes are pure rotations about input nodes.

The local rotational subspace contains motions invisible to the controller.

Shape recovery depends on input alignment with the local rotational mode.

Abstract

This paper presents a geometric input-output analysis of hidden modes in distance-based formation control. We study the linearized dynamics under a gradient control law to characterize the system's structural limitations and their dynamic consequences. Our main contribution is a unified geometric framework for uncontrollable modes. We first prove that uncontrollable rigid-body modes are pure rotations about the input node, defining a global rotational subspace $\mathcal{R}_i$. To generalize this, we introduce the local rotational subspace, $\mathcal{T}_i$, which contains all motions, including deformations, that are locally invisible to the controller at node $i$. These two geometric objects provide a complete decomposition of the uncontrollable subspace. Finally, we demonstrate the dynamic implications of this structure by proving that the system's ability to recover its shape is determined by an input's alignment with the local component of the standard rotational rigid-body mode, directly linking the geometry of hidden modes to disturbance rejection. We illustrate our results with a case study.