A Comprehensive Regime Diagram of Dynamical Modes of Triple Flickering Buoyant Diffusion Flames: Experimental and Model Investigations

TL;DR

This study systematically investigates the dynamical behaviors of triple flickering buoyant diffusion flames, constructing a comprehensive regime diagram and identifying three new dynamical modes through experiments and a Stuart-Landau oscillator model.

Contribution

The paper introduces a continuous experimental approach and a coupled oscillator model to classify and interpret complex flame interaction modes, including three previously unreported ones.

Findings

Constructed a regime diagram of flame dynamical modes.

Identified three new dynamical modes of triple flames.

Demonstrated the Stuart-Landau model's success in reproducing observed behaviors.

Abstract

The triple-flame system serves as the fundamental unit for understanding multi-flame interactions, revealing critical coupling mechanisms that scale to complex burner arrays. In this study, we investigated triple flame oscillators, consisting of three flickering laminar buoyant diffusion flames arranged in an isosceles triangular configuration, to construct a comparative regime diagram of dynamical modes. To overcome the limited experimental observability caused by the discretization of geometric parameters, we enabled continuous motion of the vertex flame at a controlled speed V, while independently varying the base length L and the fuel flow rate Q. We conducted a systematic investigation of the triple flame coupling behaviors by varying the triangle size, fuel flow rate, and vertex flame movement velocity. Based on the experimental observations, a comprehensive regime diagram was established to classify the dynamical modes of triple flickering buoyant diffusion flames. Notably, three previously unreported dynamical modes were identified for the first time. To interpret these complex flame interactions, a Stuart-Landau oscillator model with time-delay coupling was employed, which successfully reproduces the experimentally observed dynamical modes. Experimentally observed dynamical modes reveal a bifurcation diagram for the coupled triple Stuart-Landau system, elucidating the transitions between different synchronization modes.