Latest results from CUORE and prospects for CUPID

TL;DR

The paper reviews CUORE's recent results in neutrinoless double beta decay searches, discusses its upgrade to CUPID with improved sensitivity and background rejection, and outlines the project's future prospects.

Contribution

It provides the latest experimental results from CUORE and details the design and expected performance of the upcoming CUPID experiment for neutrino physics.

Findings

CUORE has achieved leading limits on 0νββ decay in $^{130}$Te.

CUORE's background reconstruction enables precise double beta decay measurements.

CUPID aims to reach a sensitivity of 10^27 years for 0νββ in $^{100}$Mo.

Abstract

The search for neutrinoless double beta decay (0$\nu\beta\beta$) is fundamental for investigating lepton-number violation, probing new physics beyond the Standard Model, and determining whether neutrinos are Majorana particles. CUORE (Cryogenic Underground Observatory of Rare Events), a cryogenic bolometric experiment at LNGS, studies 0$\nu\beta\beta$ in $^{130}$Te using 988 TeO$_2$ crystals. It is a milestone of cryogenic detector arrays with a tonne-scale detector operated for more than 7~years below 15~mK. Since 2017, CUORE has accumulated over 2.9~tonne-years of exposure, achieving one of the leading 0$\nu\beta\beta$ limits and one of the most precise two-neutrino double beta decay (2$\nu\beta\beta$) half-life measurements thanks to a detailed background reconstruction across a broad energy range. Building on CUORE's success, CUPID (CUORE Upgrade with Particle ID) aims to significantly enhance its 0$\nu\beta\beta$ discovery sensitivity to $10^{27}$ yr in $^{100}$Mo, covering the Inverted Hierarchy of neutrino masses. It will employ lithium molybdate (Li$_2$MoO$_4$) crystals enriched in $^{100}$Mo, alongside germanium light detectors with Neganov-Trofimov-Luke amplification, enabling simultaneous heat and light readout for enhanced background rejection. CUPID will reuse CUORE's cryostat and infrastructure. Current efforts focus on detector performance validation, sensitivity studies, and finalizing the experimental design to maximize physics reach. This work presents the latest CUORE results and outlines the key milestones toward CUPID's realization.