Multi-messenger flare in the quasar PKS 0446+11

TL;DR

This study analyzes a multi-messenger flare in the quasar PKS 1424+240, combining neutrino, electromagnetic, and polarization data to understand the jet physics and particle acceleration mechanisms.

Contribution

It provides a detailed multi-wavelength and polarization analysis of the flare, linking jet orientation and shock formation to neutrino and electromagnetic emissions.

Findings

No significant time delay between neutrino and electromagnetic flares.

The flare is explained by proton injection and increased Doppler boosting.

A 90-degree EVPA rotation indicates shock emergence in the jet.

Abstract

The physical mechanisms driving neutrino and electromagnetic flares in blazars remain poorly understood. We investigate a prominent multi-messenger flare in the quasar PKS 1424+240 to identify the processes responsible for its high-energy emission. We analyze the IceCube-240105A high-energy neutrino event together with contemporaneous observations in the gamma-ray, X-ray, optical, and radio bands. The on- and off-flare spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are modeled within a single-zone leptohadronic framework. Multi-epoch VLBA observations from the MOJAVE program provide parsec-scale polarization data that complement the multi-wavelength light curves. No significant time delay is detected between the neutrino arrival and the flares in different energy bands. This is consistent with an extremely small jet viewing angle below 1 deg, inferred from the parsec-scale polarization structure. The flare can be reproduced by the injection of a proton population and an increase of the Doppler factor from 18 to 24. We also detect an approximately 90 deg rotation of the EVPA in the parsec-scale core during the initial phase of the flare, indicating the emergence of a shock formed by the change in the bulk plasma speed. Our comprehensive multi-messenger analysis demonstrates that the extreme beaming and sub-degree viewing angle of this distant blazar can account for the observed neutrino and electromagnetic activity. These findings strengthen the case for blazars as efficient accelerators of hadrons and as significant contributors to the observed high-energy neutrino flux.