Real-Time Co-Simulation for DC Microgrid Energy Management with Communication Delays

TL;DR

This paper introduces a real-time co-simulation testbed for DC microgrid energy management that accounts for realistic communication delays, enhancing the evaluation of EMS performance under practical network conditions.

Contribution

It develops a novel cyber-physical testbed combining OPAL-RT, Raspberry Pi, and EXataCPS to simulate and analyze EMS performance in DC microgrids with communication delays.

Findings

Testbed accurately replicates realistic communication delays.

EMS performance under delays is systematically evaluated.

Provides insights into communication impact on microgrid stability.

Abstract

The growing integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) in modern power systems has intensified the need for resilient and efficient microgrid solutions. DC microgrids have gained prominence due to their reduced conversion losses, simplified interfacing with DC-based RESs, and improved reliability. To manage the inherent variability of RESs and ensure stable operation, energy management systems (EMS) have become essential. While various EMS algorithms have been proposed and validated using real-time simulation platforms, most assume ideal communication conditions or rely on simplified network models, overlooking the impact of realistic communication delays on EMS performance. This paper presents a novel real-time cyber-physical system (CPS) testbed for evaluating EMS performance in DC microgrids under realistic communication delays. The proposed testbed integrates a DC microgrid modeled in OPAL-RT with an EMS controller implemented on a Raspberry Pi (RPi). The communication network is emulated using EXataCPS, enabling the exchange of actual power system traffic and the replication of realistic latency conditions. This comprehensive setup captures the interplay between power system dynamics, EMS control, and communication network behavior.