New Avenues for $|\Delta B|$ = 2 Processes Beyond Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations

TL;DR

This paper investigates baryon-number-violating processes beyond neutron-antineutron oscillations, focusing on $\Lambda - ar{\Lambda}$ mixing, classifying relevant operators, and deriving bounds from existing experimental data to explore new physics scales.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive classification of dimension-9 $\Delta B=2$ operators involving strange quarks and analyzes their potential to induce $\Lambda - ar{\Lambda}$ oscillations within SMEFT framework.

Findings

$\Lambda - ar{\Lambda}$ oscillations can occur at tree level in certain models.

Current experimental bounds from $n - ar{n}$ oscillations and dinucleon decays constrain $\Lambda - ar{\Lambda}$ mixing.

Sensitivity to baryon-number violation extends up to $10^2-10^3$ TeV scales.

Abstract

We explore baryon-number-violating ($|\Delta B| = 2$) processes beyond the well-known neutron-antineutron ($n - \bar{n}$) oscillations, focusing on the $\Lambda - \bar \Lambda$ system. The presence of a strange quark in the $\Lambda$ baryon introduces a new set of six-quark operators roughly of the form $(uds)^2$, which are different from the $(udd)^2$ operators responsible for $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations. Using the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT), we classify all dimension-9 operators that cause $|\Delta B|=2$ transitions and study their UV completions mediated by exotic scalar fields with trilinear interactions. We demonstrate that in these models, $\Lambda - \bar \Lambda$ oscillations can occur at tree level, with $n - \bar{n}$ mixing potentially appearing at higher loop levels. We employ a chiral effective theory to constrain the effective mass mixing $\delta m_\Lambda$, deriving bounds from current experimental limits on $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations and dinucleon decays such as $p \,p \to K^+ K^+$. These bounds indicate that $\Lambda - \bar{\Lambda}$ oscillations probe a complementary parameter space, sensitive to baryon-number violation at scales up to $10^2-10^3$ TeV. We show that the existing indirect bounds make it challenging to provide a competitive bound on $\delta m_\Lambda$ at BESIII.