Double soft graviton factors from the gravitational Wilson line

TL;DR

This paper develops a formalism using gravitational Wilson lines to systematically analyze double soft graviton emissions, recovering known results and deriving new subleading universal terms with potential applications in binary scattering EFT.

Contribution

It introduces a systematic approach with gravitational Wilson lines to derive double soft graviton factors, including new subleading universal terms and gauge invariance considerations.

Findings

Recovered leading double soft graviton theorem

Derived new universal double soft graviton terms at subleading order

Demonstrated gauge invariance in soft graviton emissions

Abstract

The description of low-energy (``soft") gravitons using universal theorems continues to attract attention. In this paper, we consider the emission of two soft gravitons, using a previously developed formalism that describes (next-to) soft graviton emission in terms of generalised Wilson lines (GWLs). Based on Schwinger's proper time methods, the GWL allows for a systematic accounting of graviton emission from external hard particles in the amplitude, as well as from three-graviton vertices located off the individual worldlines. By combining these effects, previously derived results for the leading double soft graviton theorem are recovered. Still, the formalism allows us to go further in deriving new universal double soft graviton terms at subleading order in the momentum expansion. We further demonstrate how gauge invariance can be utilized to account for double soft graviton emissions within the non-radiative amplitude, including the effects of non-zero initial positions of the hard particles. Our results can be packaged into an exponential dressing operator, and we comment on possible applications to the effective field theory for binary scattering processes.