A scaling relationship for non-thermal radio emission from ordered magnetospheres - II. Investigating the efficiency of relativistic electron production in magnetospheres of BA-type stars

TL;DR

This study investigates how physical conditions in magnetic BA stars' magnetospheres influence the efficiency of relativistic electron production, using observations and modeling to reinforce the scaling relationship for radio emission.

Contribution

The paper introduces a comprehensive analysis combining high-sensitivity radio observations and 3D modeling to explore the physical parameters affecting electron acceleration in magnetospheres of BA stars.

Findings

About half of the observed stars were detected with luminosities matching predictions.

The scaling relationship for radio emission from magnetic BA stars is robust.

Dense magnetospheres host more energetic particles, leading to brighter radio emission.

Abstract

Magnetic BA stars host dipole-like magnetospheres. When detected as radio sources, their luminosities correlate with the magnetic field and rotation. Rotation is crucial because the mechanism undergirding the relativistic electron production is powered by centrifugal breakouts. CBOs occur wherever magnetic tension does not balance centrifugal force; the resulting magnetic reconnection provides particle acceleration. To investigate how physical conditions at the site of the CBOs affect the efficiency of the acceleration mechanism, we broadly explore the parameter space governing radio emission by increasing the sample of radio-loud magnetic stars. High-sensitivity VLA observations of 32 stars were performed in the hope of identifying new centrifugal magnetospheres and associated CBOs. We calculated gyro-synchrotron spectra using 3D modeling of a dipole-shaped magnetosphere. We evaluated combinations of parameters. The number of relativistic electrons was constrained by the need to produce the emission level predicted by the scaling relationship for the radio emission from magnetic BA stars. About half of the observed stars were detected, with luminosities in agreement with the expected values, reinforcing the robust nature of the scaling relationship for CBO-powered radio emission. Comparing the competing centrifugal and magnetic effects on plasma locked in a rigidly rotating magnetosphere, we located the site of CBOs and inferred the local plasma density. We then estimated the efficiency of the acceleration mechanism needed to produce enough non-thermal electrons to support the radio emission level. Given a constant acceleration efficiency, relativistic electrons represent a fixed fraction of the local thermal plasma. Thus, dense magnetospheres host more energetic particles than less dense ones; consequently, with other parameters similar, they are intrinsically brighter radio sources.