Near-optimal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Configuration: Blind Beamforming with Sensing

TL;DR

This paper introduces BORN, a blind RIS beamforming algorithm that uses only RSS measurements to achieve near-optimal configuration without channel state information, supported by theoretical guarantees and real-world tests.

Contribution

Proposes BORN, a novel blind beamforming method that exploits quadratic signal models and achieves provable near-optimal performance with minimal samples.

Findings

BORN attains near-optimal performance with O(N log N) samples.

Quadratic models are learnable under Rademacher distributions with low-rank matrices.

BORN outperforms existing algorithms in NLOS scenarios.

Abstract

Blind beamforming has emerged as a promising approach to configure reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) without relying on channel state information (CSI) or geometric models, making it directly compatible with commodity hardware. In this paper, we propose a new blind beamforming algorithm, so-called Blind Optimal RIS Beamforming with Sensing (\textsc{BORN}), that operates using only received signal strength (RSS). In contrast to existing methods that rely on majority-voting mechanisms, \textsc{BORN} exploits the intrinsic quadratic structure of the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The algorithm proceeds in two stages: \emph{sensing}, where a quadratic model is estimated from RSS measurements, and \emph{optimization}, where the RIS configuration is obtained using the estimated quadratic model. Our novelties are twofold. Firstly, we show for the first time, that \textsc{BORN} can achieve provable near-optimal performance using only $O(N \log_2(N))$ samples, where $N$ is the number of RIS elements. As a by-product of our analysis, we show that quadratic models are learnable under Rademacher feature distributions when the second-order coefficient matrix is low-rank. This result, to our knowledge, has not been established in prior matrix sensing literature. Secondly, extensive simulations and real-world field tests demonstrate that \textsc{BORN} achieves near-optimal performance, substantially outperforming state-of-the-art blind beamforming algorithms, particularly in scenarios with a weak background channel such as non-line-of-sight (NLOS).