Channel Superposition Mitigates Photon Loss Errors in Quantum Illumination

TL;DR

This paper introduces channel superposition protocols, including ICO and PS-DE, to mitigate photon loss errors in quantum illumination, demonstrating that ICO offers superior robustness and performance improvements over standard methods.

Contribution

The study develops a channel superposition framework for quantum illumination, showing that ICO and PS-DE protocols can maintain advantages under photon loss, with ICO being more robust.

Findings

Both ICO and PS-DE can outperform standard quantum illumination in the presence of photon loss.

ICO protocol maintains a tighter error probability bound than PS-DE and standard quantum illumination.

Interference presence is crucial; performance advantage diminishes when interference is suppressed.

Abstract

In quantum illumination, the probe photon is entangled with an ancilla photon, and both are jointly measured at the end. The entanglement between the probe and ancilla photons enhances the detection performance per unit average photon number in the probe mode, particularly in low-reflectivity and high-noise scenarios. However, photon loss severely limits the practical advantage of such protocols. To address this, we employ a channel superposition framework, which encompasses two kinds of channel superposition protocols: indefinite causal order (ICO) and path superposition with disjoint environment (PS-DE). Our analytical and numerical analysis based on the quantum Chernoff bound shows that both ICO and PS-DE can, in principle, achieve an advantage. The advantage persists as long as non-zero interference remains, reverting to the performance of standard quantum illumination once the interference is completely suppressed. Crucially, the ICO protocol is significantly more robust, maintaining a tighter upper bound on the error probability than standard quantum illumination and the PS-DE approach. This performance hierarchy is rooted in their fundamental structures: ICO exploits a shared environment to generate stronger quantum interference, while PS-DE, relying on disjoint environments, offers a more experimentally tractable albeit less potent alternative.