Fast and Flexible Neutrino Decoupling Part I: The Standard Model

TL;DR

This paper presents a fast, flexible method for evaluating neutrino decoupling and $N_{eff}$ in the Standard Model, incorporating detailed physics and enabling easy extension to new physics scenarios.

Contribution

It introduces a momentum-averaged approach for neutrino decoupling that is both accurate and adaptable to beyond Standard Model physics, with practical code implementations.

Findings

Results differ by less than 0.04% from full momentum-dependent solutions.

The method efficiently incorporates electron mass, QED corrections, and neutrino oscillations.

Code released for easy integration with BBN calculations.

Abstract

Cosmological determinations of the number of relativistic neutrino species, $N^{ }_{\rm eff}$, are becoming increasingly accurate, and further improvements are expected both from CMB and BBN data. Given this context, we update the evaluation of $N^{ }_{\rm eff}$ and the current entropy density via the momentum-averaged approach. This allows for a numerically fast description of neutrino decoupling, easily portable to an array of new physics scenarios. We revisit all aspects of this approach, including collision terms with full electron mass dependence, finite temperature QED corrections to the equation of state, neutrino oscillations, and the modelling of neutrino ensembles with effective chemical potentials. For integrated observables, our results differ by less than $0.04\%$ from the solution of the momentum-dependent evolution equation. We outline how to extend the approach to BSM settings, and will highlight its power in Part II. To facilitate the practical implementation, we release a Mathematica and Python code within nudec_BSM_v2, easily linkable to BBN codes.