Predictions of baryon directed flow in heavy-ion collisions at high baryon density

TL;DR

This paper predicts the behavior of proton directed flow in heavy-ion collisions at high baryon density, indicating a non-monotonous evolution and potential signals of quark-gluon plasma transition around 7.2 GeV.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed predictions of proton directed flow in the 4.5 to 7.7 GeV energy range using a three-fluid dynamics model with crossover equation of state.

Findings

Proton $v_1$ exhibits antiflow at 7.2 GeV.

Flow returns to normal at 7.7 GeV consistent with STAR data.

Signatures of QGP transition are indicated by the $v_1$-slope excitation function.

Abstract

Predictions of the proton directed flow ($v_1$) in semicentral Au+Au collisions in the energy range between 4.5 and 7.7 GeV are done. The calculations are performed within the model of three-fluid dynamics with crossover equation of state, which well reproduces the proton $v_1$ both below 4.5 GeV and above 7.7 GeV, as well as bulk observables in the energy range of interest. It is predicted that the proton flow evolves non-monotonously. At the energy of 7.2 GeV it exhibits antiflow (i.e. negative slope of $v_1(y)$) in the midrapidity. At 7.7 GeV, the flow returns to the normal pattern in accordance with the STAR data. The midrapidity $v_1$-slope excitation functions within the first-order phase and crossover transitions to quark-gluon phase (QGP) turn out to be qualitatively similar, but the amplitude of the wiggle in the crossover scenario is much smaller than that in the strong first-order phase transition. Therefore, the change of sign followed by minimum at 7.2 GeV in the $v_1$-slope excitation function indicates onset of (weak phase or crossover) transition to QGP. The second change of the sign around 10 GeV results from interplay between incomplete baryon stopping and transverse expansion of the system.