Electron transfer in confined electromagnetic fields: a unified Fermi's golden rule rate theory and extension to lossy cavities

TL;DR

This paper develops a comprehensive Fermi's golden rule-based rate theory for electron transfer in confined electromagnetic fields, applicable across temperature regimes and including cavity loss effects, with implications for controlling charge transfer in nanophotonics.

Contribution

It introduces a unified analytic framework for electron transfer rates in confined fields, extending to lossy cavities and revealing resonance and photon emission phenomena.

Findings

Recovers Marcus and Marcus-Jortner rates at high temperature.

Reveals energy gap law emergence at low temperature.

Shows cavity resonance can enhance electron transfer rates.

Abstract

With the rapid development of nanophotonics and cavity quantum electrodynamics, there has been growing interest in how confined electromagnetic fields modify fundamental molecular processes such as electron transfer. In this paper, we revisit the problem of nonadiabatic electron transfer (ET) in confined electromagnetic fields studied in [J. Chem. Phys. 150, 174122 (2019)] and present a unified rate theory based on Fermi's golden rule (FGR). By employing a polaron-transformed Hamiltonian, we derive analytic expressions for the ET rate correlation functions that are valid across all temperature regimes and all cavity mode time scales. In the high-temperature limit, our formalism recovers the Marcus and Marcus-Jortner results, while in the low-temperature limit it reveals the emergence of the energy gap law. We further extend the theory to include cavity loss by using an effective Brownian oscillator spectral density, which enables closed-form expressions for the ET rate in lossy cavities. As applications, we demonstrate two key cavity-induced phenomena: (i) resonance effects, where the ET rate is strongly enhanced at certain cavity mode frequencies, and (ii) electron-transfer-induced photon emission, arising from the population of cavity photon Fock states during the ET process. These results establish a general framework for understanding how confined electromagnetic fields reshape charge transfer dynamics, and suggest novel opportunities for controlling and probing ET reactions in nanophotonic environments.