Extension of the Gy\'arf\'as-Sumner conjecture to signed graphs

TL;DR

This paper extends the Gyárfás-Sumner conjecture to signed graphs by characterizing certain hereditary classes with bounded balanced chromatic number, focusing on GS sets of order 2 and their structural properties.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of GS sets for signed graphs and characterizes order 2 GS sets, revealing specific structural conditions for bounded coloring.

Findings

F_1 must be either (K_3, -) or (K_4, -)

F_2 is a linear forest

Conditions for F_2 depend on F_1 choice

Abstract

The balanced chromatic number of a signed graph G is the minimum number of balanced sets that cover all vertices of G. Studying structural conditions which imply bounds on the balanced chromatic number of signed graphs is among the most fundamental problems in graph theory. In this work, we initiate the study of coloring hereditary classes of signed graphs. More precisely, we say that a set F = {F_1, F_2, ..., F_l} is a GS (for Gy\'arf\'as-Sumner) set if there exists a constant c such that signed graphs with no induced subgraph switching equivalent to a member of F admit a balanced c-coloring. The focus of this work is to study GS sets of order 2. We show that if F is a GS set of order 2, then F_1 is either (K_3, -) or (K_4, -), and F_2 is a linear forest. In the case of F_1 = (K_3, -), we show that any choice of a linear forest for F_2 works. In the case of F_1 = (K_4, -), we show that if each connected component of F_2 is a path of length at most 4, then {F_1, F_2} is a GS set.