Deployed quantum key distribution network: further, longer and more users

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates practical long-distance and multi-user quantum key distribution over existing fiber networks, addressing key operational challenges for future quantum internet deployment.

Contribution

It reports continuous long-duration QKD over 50km, extends secure links to 100km, and enables multi-channel QKD using wavelength demultiplexing, advancing real-world quantum network capabilities.

Findings

Continuous 325-hour QKD over 50km

Secure 100km QKD link compatible with satellites

Multi-channel QKD with wavelength demultiplexing

Abstract

Entanglement-based quantum links are the backbone of future quantum internet networks, enabling secure communication between distant cities. Realizing such networks requires addressing multiple practical challenges in long-distance quantum key distribution : time synchronisation, interferometer stabilisation and automation. Here, we report several advances. First, we maintained an operational QKD link continuously for 325hours over 50km between two remotes locations, demonstrating the feasibility of long-duration key generation. We further extended secure key distribution up to a 100km operational link connecting the University of Nice to a ground-based optical station, a setup compatible with future quantum satellite connections. Finally, by employing wavelength demultiplexing to separate photons of entangled pairs, we performed QKD across multiple ITU channels, achieving secure key exchange via the BBM92 protocol and time-energy observables.