Dual-Scale Antenna Deployment for Pinching Antenna Systems

TL;DR

This paper introduces a dual-scale deployment framework for pinching antenna systems that enhances energy efficiency through simultaneous coarse and fine adjustments, supported by theoretical models and a low-complexity optimization algorithm.

Contribution

It proposes a novel dual-scale deployment framework for PASS, optimizing energy efficiency with a new algorithm and theoretical analysis, outperforming conventional architectures.

Findings

Achieves about 70% higher energy efficiency than conventional cell-free systems.

Demonstrates nearly twofold improvement in energy efficiency over MIMO systems.

Validates theoretical models with simulation results showing convergence and accuracy.

Abstract

A dual-scale deployment (DSD) framework is proposed for pinching antenna systems (PASS), under which four protocols are provided. 1) For the coarse-scale deployment, the pinching antenna (PA) is transferred over a large-scale range at the waveguide level. 2) For the fine-scale deployment, the PA is adjusted with high precision within a small-scale region. By simultaneously optimizing both scales, the proposed DSD framework can unleash the full potential of PA deployment, while maintaining low computational complexity. Based on this framework, we establish a practical power consumption model and derive theoretical energy efficiency expressions for PASS. Then, an energy-efficiency maximization problem is formulated to jointly optimize the transmit precoding, PA radiation power, and dual-scale PA deployment. To solve this non-convex, highly coupled problem, a low-complexity penalty-based alternating optimization algorithm is proposed. Simulation results validate the accuracy of theoretical results and the convergence of the proposed algorithm. It is demonstrated that the proposed DSD framework is highly effective for PASS, delivering about $70\%$ higher energy efficiency than the conventional cell-free architecture and nearly a \emph{twofold} improvement relative to MIMO systems.