Filament inclination effect on turbulent canopy flows

TL;DR

This study uses large-eddy simulations to explore how varying filament inclination angles in a dense canopy influence turbulent shear flows, revealing a transition from canopy-dominated to sheltered flow regimes and reduced drag at high inclinations.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of the impact of filament inclination on turbulent canopy flows, highlighting a transition in flow regimes and drag reduction at high inclination angles.

Findings

Flow regime shifts from canopy-dominated to sheltered as inclination increases.

Drag significantly decreases at 90° inclination, even below open flow levels.

Velocity spectra analysis reveals altered turbulence interactions with canopy inclination.

Abstract

Inspired by the spontaneous behaviour observed in filamentous layers -- where the balance between flow-induced drag and structural elasticity dictates the filaments' equilibrium streamlined posture -- we perform a series of large-eddy simulations to investigate how filament inclination affects turbulent shear flows developing both above and within a canopy of filaments. We examine six distinct filament inclination angles ranging from 0\deg to 90\deg. The in-plane solid fraction and filament length are chosen to achieve a fully dense canopy at zero inclination, and these parameters remain constant throughout our study. By setting a nominal bulk Reynolds number of 6000, we provide a detailed statistical characterisation of the turbulent flow. Our findings illustrate distinct changes in the flow regime with varying filament inclination. At lower angles, the canopy remains dense and significantly influences the flow, conforming to a classical canopy-flow regime. However, as the inclination approaches 90\deg, the intra-canopy region progressively becomes shielded from the outer flow. Remarkably, at 90\deg inclination, the flow drag reduces significantly, and the total drag becomes lower than that typically seen in an open, filament-free flow. We document this transition from a canopy-dominated regime to a scenario where the canopy becomes largely sheltered from the outer turbulent flow, highlighting key alterations in intra-canopy dynamics as filament inclination increases. Our observations are substantiated by an analysis of the velocity spectra, providing deeper insight into the interactions between the canopy and the developing turbulent boundary layer.