Finite density QCD phase structure from strangeness fluctuations

TL;DR

This study uses lattice QCD simulations at imaginary chemical potential to identify proxies for the phase transition at finite density, extrapolating to real chemical potential and comparing with the hadron resonance gas model to understand the QCD phase diagram.

Contribution

It introduces new lattice-based proxies for the QCD crossover at finite density and demonstrates their reliability through high-order Taylor expansions and continuum extrapolations.

Findings

Proxies are mildly affected by criticality and finite volume effects.

Continuum limits obtained up to $rac{400}$ MeV for $rac{ ext{B}}{ ext{S}}$ and $rac{ ext{S}}{ ext{B}}$.

Excellent agreement with the hadron resonance gas model and existing results.

Abstract

Charting the phase diagram of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) at large density is a challenging task due to the complex action problem in lattice simulations. Through simulations at imaginary baryon chemical potential $\mu_B$ we observe that, if the strangeness neutrality condition is imposed, both the strangeness chemical potential $\mu_S/\mu_B$ and the strangeness susceptibility $\chi_2^S$ take on constant values at the chiral transition for varying $\mu_B$. We present new lattice data to extrapolate contours of constant $\mu_S/\mu_B$ or $\chi_2^S$ to finite baryon chemical potential. We argue that they are good proxies for the QCD crossover because, as we show, they are only mildly influenced by criticality and by finite volume effects. We obtain continuum limits for these proxies up to $\mu_B = 400$ MeV, through a next-to-next-to-leading order (N$^2$LO) Taylor expansion based on large-statistics data on $16^3 \times 8$, $20^3 \times 10$ and $24^3 \times 12$ lattices with our 4HEX improved staggered action. We show that these are in excellent agreement with existing results for the chiral transition and, strikingly, also with analogous contours obtained with the hadron resonance gas (HRG) model. On the $16^3 \times 8$ lattice, we carry out the expansion up to next-to-next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N$^4$LO), and extend the extrapolation beyond $\mu_B=500$ MeV, again finding perfect agreement with the HRG model. This suggests that the crossover line constructed from this proxy starts deviating from the chemical freeze-out line near $\mu_B\approx500$ MeV, as expected but not yet observed.