Refractive Index-Correlated Pseudocoloring for Adaptive Color Fusion in Holotomographic Cytology

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel refractive index-correlated pseudocoloring framework that combines holotomography with bright-field images to improve diagnostic accuracy in thyroid cytology by enhancing contrast and structural detail.

Contribution

The study presents a new adaptive color fusion method that integrates quantitative RI maps with traditional cytology images, enabling better visualization of cellular features without staining.

Findings

Enhanced visualization of nuclear and cytoplasmic structures

Quantitative differentiation of benign and malignant samples

Preservation of color fidelity while improving contrast

Abstract

Conventional bright-field (BF) cytology of thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) suffers from staining variability and limited subcellular contrast. Here, we present a refractive index-correlated pseudocoloring (RICP) framework that integrates quantitative refractive index (RI) maps obtained by holotomography (HT) with color BF images to enhance diagnostic interpretability. The imaging platform combines a digital micromirror device (DMD)-based HT system with an RGB LED illumination module, enabling simultaneous acquisition of RI tomograms and BF images from PAP-stained thyroid samples. The RICP algorithm adaptively embeds RI-derived structural information into the least-occupied hue channel, preserving color fidelity while enhancing nuclear and cytoplasmic contrast. Applied to benign and malignant thyroid clusters, RICP revealed diagnostically relevant features such as nucleoli, lipid droplets, and nuclear irregularities, and hue-saturation analysis quantitatively differentiated cytological categories. This perceptually grounded, label-free framework bridges conventional color cytology and quantitative optical imaging for improved diagnostic precision.