Resolved HII regions in NGC 253: Ionized gas structure and suggestions of a universal density-surface brightness relation

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution spectroscopic data from NGC 253 to analyze the structure of HII regions, revealing a universal density-surface brightness relation and detailed emission profiles that depend on measurement methodology.

Contribution

It provides one of the largest resolved spectroscopic samples of extragalactic HII regions and introduces a universal density-surface brightness relation applicable across galaxies.

Findings

HII regions exhibit a double Gaussian emission profile with a compact core and extended halo.

The isophotal radius provides a robust luminosity-radius relation.

A universal density-surface brightness scaling relation is identified.

Abstract

We use the full-disk VLT-MUSE mosaic of NGC 253 to identify 2492 HII regions and study their resolved structure. With an average physical resolution of 17 pc, this is one of the largest samples of highly resolved spectrally mapped extragalactic HII regions. Regions of all luminosities exhibit a characteristic emission profile described by a double Gaussian with a marginally resolved or unresolved core with radius <10 pc surrounded by a more extended halo of emission with radius 20-30 pc. Approximately 80% of the emission of a region originates from the halo component. As a result of this compact structure, the luminosity-radius relations for core and effective radii of HII regions depend sensitively on the adopted methodology. Only the isophotal radius yields a robust relationship in NGC 253, but this measurement has an ambiguous physical meaning. We invert the measured emission profiles to infer density profiles and find central densities of n_e = 10-100 cm-3. In the brightest regions, these agree well with densities inferred from the [SII]6716,30 doublet. The central density of HII regions correlates well with the surface brightness within the effective radius. We show that this same scaling relation applies to the recent MUSE+HST catalog for 19 nearby galaxies. We also discuss potential limitations, including completeness, impacts of background subtraction and spatial resolution, and the generality of our results when applied to other galaxies.