Exploiting biased noise in variational quantum models

TL;DR

This paper investigates how different types of quantum noise affect the performance of variational quantum algorithms, revealing that preserving certain biases in noise can improve optimization outcomes, contrary to standard error mitigation practices.

Contribution

It demonstrates that non-unital and biased noise can be exploited to enhance variational quantum algorithm performance, challenging conventional noise mitigation strategies.

Findings

Twirling noise degrades VQA performance.

Biased noise can help find better solutions.

Re-parameterisation mitigates coherent errors.

Abstract

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are promising tools for demonstrating quantum utility on near-term quantum hardware, with applications in optimisation, quantum simulation, and machine learning. While researchers have studied how easy VQAs are to train, the effect of quantum noise on the classical optimisation process is still not well understood. Contrary to expectations, we find that twirling, which is commonly used in standard error-mitigation strategies to symmetrise noise, actually degrades performance in the variational setting, whereas preserving biased or non-unital noise can help classical optimisers find better solutions. Analytically, we study a universal quantum regression model and demonstrate that relatively uniform Pauli channels suppress gradient magnitudes and reduce expressivity, making optimisation more difficult. Conversely, asymmetric noise such as amplitude damping or biased Pauli channels introduces directional bias that can be exploited during optimisation. Numerical experiments on a variational eigensolver for the transverse-field Ising model confirm that non-unital noise yields lower-energy states compared to twirled noise. Finally, we show that coherent errors are fully mitigated by re-parameterisation. These findings challenge conventional noise-mitigation strategies and suggest that preserving noise biases may enhance VQA performance.