Beyond Understanding: Evaluating the Pragmatic Gap in LLMs' Cultural Processing of Figurative Language

TL;DR

This paper evaluates large language models' ability to understand and pragmatically use culturally grounded figurative language in Arabic and English, revealing significant gaps in cultural reasoning and contextual use.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive evaluation framework and dataset for assessing LLMs' understanding and pragmatic use of figurative language across Arabic and English.

Findings

LLMs perform worse on Arabic proverbs than English ones.

Performance drops when using figurative language pragmatically.

Models struggle with connotative meanings, aligning less with human judgments.

Abstract

We present a comprehensive evaluation of the ability of large language models (LLMs) to process culturally grounded language, specifically to understand and pragmatically use figurative expressions that encode local knowledge and cultural nuance. Using figurative language as a proxy for cultural nuance and local knowledge, we design evaluation tasks for contextual understanding, pragmatic use, and connotation interpretation in Arabic and English. We evaluate 22 open- and closed-source LLMs on Egyptian Arabic idioms, multidialectal Arabic proverbs, and English proverbs. Our results show a consistent hierarchy: the average accuracy for Arabic proverbs is 4.29% lower than for English proverbs, and performance for Egyptian idioms is 10.28% lower than for Arabic proverbs. For the pragmatic use task, accuracy drops by 14.07% relative to understanding, though providing contextual idiomatic sentences improves accuracy by 10.66%. Models also struggle with connotative meaning, reaching at most 85.58% agreement with human annotators on idioms with 100% inter-annotator agreement. These findings demonstrate that figurative language serves as an effective diagnostic for cultural reasoning: while LLMs can often interpret figurative meaning, they face challenges in using it appropriately. To support future research, we release Kinayat, the first dataset of Egyptian Arabic idioms designed for both figurative understanding and pragmatic use evaluation.