Fair Cost Allocation in Energy Communities: A DLMP-based Bilevel Optimization with a Shapley Value Approach

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel bilevel optimization framework that integrates DLMPs and Shapley values to ensure fair cost allocation among energy communities, accounting for their impact on system-wide prices and costs.

Contribution

It develops a tractable single-level model combining DLMP-based bilevel optimization with Shapley value fairness, addressing a gap in existing methods.

Findings

The proposed method achieves fair cost distribution among communities.

Simulations validate the model's effectiveness on benchmark systems.

The approach accounts for the influence of local decisions on system prices.

Abstract

Energy communities (ECs) are emerging as a promising decentralized model for managing cooperative distributed energy resources (DERs). As these communities expand and their operations become increasingly integrated into the grid, ensuring fairness in allocating operating costs among participants becomes a challenge. In distribution networks, DER operations at the community level can influence Distribution Locational Marginal Prices (DLMPs), which in turn affect system's operation cost. This interdependence between local decisions and system-level pricing introduces new challenges for fair and transparent cost allocation. Despite growing interest in fairness-aware methods, most methods do not account for the impact of DLMPs. To fill this gap, we propose a bilevel optimization model in which a Community Energy Aggregator (CEA) schedules DERs across multiple ECs while a Distribution System Operator (DSO) determines DLMPs through network-constrained dispatch. Leveraging the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions and strong duality, the bilevel model is reformulated into a tractable single-level problem. We achieve fairness in the cost allocation by applying the Shapley value to quantify each community's marginal contribution to system-wide cost savings. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through simulations on several benchmark distribution systems.