Beyond mechanochromism: Programmable multimodal actuation in cholesteric liquid crystal elastomer hollow fibers

TL;DR

This paper introduces a method to create programmable cholesteric liquid crystal elastomer hollow fibers that can change shape and color simultaneously through inflation, enabling advanced soft robotics and photonic applications.

Contribution

The study develops a novel anisotropic deswelling-assisted template method to produce CLCE fibers with programmable director orientations and integrated actuation and color-changing capabilities.

Findings

Fibers exhibit diverse motions including expansion, contraction, elongation, and twisting.

The membrane balloon model accurately predicts the fibers' mechanical behavior.

The fibers demonstrate combined shape change and color modulation in response to inflation.

Abstract

Cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers (CLCEs) change color under strain, offering attractive prospects for smart textiles, soft robotics, and photonic devices. However, the helical structure of CLCEs averages out the exceptional anisotropy and soft elasticity of their nematic parents, leaving little scope for also using the director orientation to program their thermal or mechanical actuation. Here, we develop programmable CLCE hollow fibers via an anisotropic deswelling-assisted template method. By integrating dynamic boronic ester bond exchange with mechanical force/pneumatic pressure-induced liquid crystal mesogen orientation, we are able to make CLCE fibers with overall longitudinal, circumferential, and twisted directors, while preserving enough residual periodicity to maintain their structural color. Inflation of these fibers then yields a range of motions (expansion, contraction, elongation, and twisting) accompanied by synchronous adaptive color changes. To explain these motions, we derive a membrane balloon model based on the non-ideal neo-classical LCE energy with suitable CLCE director profiles. The model successfully captures all the key mechanical features, including non-monotonicity and sub-criticality as a function of inflationary pressure. We thus confirm that the fiber's rich mechanochromic behavior originates from the combination of cholesteric color and nematic-like programmed soft elasticity. Our study thus transcends the limitations of traditional CLCE fibers by combining orientation encoding, soft elasticity, and pneumatic actuation to provide a new paradigm for the development of systems that change both shape and color in a bespoke and versatile way.