Shadow and Polarization Images of Rotating Black Holes in Kalb-Ramond Gravity Illuminated by Several Thick Accretion Disks

TL;DR

This study uses ray-tracing to analyze optical and polarization images of rotating black holes in Kalb-Ramond gravity with thick accretion disks, revealing effects of disk models, radiation anisotropy, and gravity parameters on observable features.

Contribution

It introduces detailed simulations of black hole images in Kalb-Ramond gravity considering different accretion disk models and radiation anisotropies, highlighting how gravity parameters influence observable images.

Findings

High-order images form bright rings and dark shadows, affected by inclination and radiation anisotropy.

Anisotropic radiation distorts high-order images into elliptical shapes.

Increasing rotation parameter causes asymmetry in high-order image intensity.

Abstract

Using ray-tracing techniques, this paper investigates the optical and polarization images of rotating black holes in Kalb-Ramond (KR) gravity illuminated by thick accretion disks. We examine two accretion disk models: the phenomenological radiatively inefficient accretion flow (RIAF) model and the analytical ballistic approximation accretion flow (BAAF) model. The RIAF model incorporates both isotropic and anisotropic radiation. In all models, the external bright rings corresponding to the high-order image and the internal dark region associated with the event horizon are observed. At high observational inclinations, the inner shadows are obscured by the radiation from the equatorial plane, which is significantly different from the thin accretion disk model. The primary distinction between isotropic and anisotropic radiation is that the latter causes distortion of the high-order image in the vertical direction, resulting in an elliptical structure. For the BAAF model, due to certain regions are geometrically thinner under the conical approximation, the high-order images are narrower compared to the RIAF model. Furthermore, we find that an increase in the rotational parameter $a$ leads to an asymmetry in the intensity distribution of the high-order image, while an increase in the spontaneous Lorentz violating parameters, $\varsigma$ and $\varpi$, results in a decrease in the size of the high-order image. In the polarization image, the linear polarization is found to be significantly influenced by the intensity, while it is relatively less affected by the parameters $\varsigma$ and $\varpi$. The electric vector position angle is mainly affected by the parameters $\varsigma$ and $\varpi$.