REx86: A Local Large Language Model for Assisting in x86 Assembly Reverse Engineering

TL;DR

REx86 is a fine-tuned local large language model that significantly improves x86 assembly reverse engineering by providing more accurate comments and understanding, addressing privacy concerns associated with cloud-based models.

Contribution

This work introduces REx86, a state-of-the-art local LLM fine-tuned for x86 RE, demonstrating improved performance over base models and highlighting the importance of domain-specific data.

Findings

REx86 reduces cross-entropy loss by 64.2%.

REx86 improves semantic similarity by 20.3%.

Increases correct-solve rate from 31% to 53%.

Abstract

Reverse engineering (RE) of x86 binaries is indispensable for malware and firmware analysis, but remains slow due to stripped metadata and adversarial obfuscation. Large Language Models (LLMs) offer potential for improving RE efficiency through automated comprehension and commenting, but cloud-hosted, closed-weight models pose privacy and security risks and cannot be used in closed-network facilities. We evaluate parameter-efficient fine-tuned local LLMs for assisting with x86 RE tasks in these settings. Eight open-weight models across the CodeLlama, Qwen2.5-Coder, and CodeGemma series are fine-tuned on a custom curated dataset of 5,981 x86 assembly examples. We evaluate them quantitatively and identify the fine-tuned Qwen2.5-Coder-7B as the top performer, which we name REx86. REx86 reduces test-set cross-entropy loss by 64.2% and improves semantic cosine similarity against ground truth by 20.3\% over its base model. In a limited user case study (n=43), REx86 significantly enhanced line-level code understanding (p = 0.031) and increased the correct-solve rate from 31% to 53% (p = 0.189), though the latter did not reach statistical significance. Qualitative analysis shows more accurate, concise comments with fewer hallucinations. REx86 delivers state-of-the-art assistance in x86 RE among local, open-weight LLMs. Our findings demonstrate the value of domain-specific fine-tuning, and highlight the need for more commented disassembly data to further enhance LLM performance in RE. REx86, its dataset, and LoRA adapters are publicly available at https://github.com/dlea8/REx86 and https://zenodo.org/records/15420461.