Charge distribution of the gauge-mediation type Q ball

TL;DR

This study numerically investigates the formation and charge distribution of gauge-mediation type Q balls, revealing a broad distribution and implications for dark matter and cosmology.

Contribution

First numerical analysis of gauge-mediation Q ball charge distribution on 3D lattices, showing broad distribution and cosmological implications.

Findings

Q ball charge distribution is broader than previously estimated.

Stable B balls could account for dark matter without disrupting nucleosynthesis.

Large L balls are viable dark matter candidates avoiding decay constraints.

Abstract

We numerically study the formation of the gauge-mediation type Q balls in the logarithmic square potential on three-dimensional lattices. We obtain the broad charge distribution of the Q ball of this type for the first time. The charge of the Q ball at the peak of the distribution is smaller than what we estimated as the average of the largest tens of the Q balls in the logarithmic potential for the same initial amplitude of the field at the onset of its oscillation. We also discuss some impacts of the broad distribution on cosmology and astrophysics. In the B ball (Q being the baryon number) case, the broad distribution would lead to the coexistence of both stable and unstable B balls. We find that stable B balls can account for the dark matter of the universe without affecting successful big bang nucleosynthesis by the decay of the unstable B balls, but the baryon number of the universe cannot be explained by them. On the other hand, the large L balls (Q being the lepton number) would be the dark matter as well while avoiding the constraints on the X and/or gamma rays from the decay of the smaller L balls.