Sharp Transitions for Subsystem Complexity

TL;DR

This paper investigates the dynamics of quantum subsystem complexity, revealing a sharp transition at half system size and extending understanding of complexity growth using holography, with implications for quantum many-body systems and black hole physics.

Contribution

It demonstrates a sharp transition in subsystem complexity growth at half system size and uses holography to analyze and predict complexity behavior beyond existing models.

Findings

Complexity grows linearly for subsystems larger than half the system size.

Complexity rises then falls for smaller subsystems, returning to low complexity.

Finite temperature introduces a new sharp transition with rapid saturation of complexity.

Abstract

The circuit complexity of time-evolved pure quantum states grows linearly in time for an exponentially long time. This behavior has been proven in certain models, is conjectured to hold for generic quantum many-body systems, and is believed to be dual to the long-time growth of black hole interiors in AdS/CFT. Achieving a similar understanding for mixed states remains an important problem. In this work, we study the circuit complexity of time-evolved subsystems of pure quantum states. We find that for greater-than-half subsystem sizes, the complexity grows linearly in time for an exponentially long time, similarly to that of the full state. However, for less-than-half subsystem sizes, the complexity rises and then falls, returning to low complexity as the subsystem equilibrates. Notably, the transition between these two regimes occurs sharply at half system size. We use holographic duality to map out this picture of subsystem complexity dynamics and rigorously prove the existence of the sharp transition in random quantum circuits. Furthermore, we use holography to predict features of complexity growth at finite temperature that lie beyond the reach of techniques based on random quantum circuits. In particular, at finite temperature, we argue for an additional sharp transition at a critical less-than-half subsystem size. Below this critical value, the subsystem complexity saturates nearly instantaneously rather than exhibiting a rise and fall. This novel phenomenon, as well as an analogous transition above half system size, provides a target for future studies based on rigorous methods.