The Photometric Analysis of the Environment Around Two Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at $z \sim 2$

TL;DR

This study investigates the environments of two dusty star-forming galaxies at redshift around 2, using multi-band photometry to assess galaxy overdensities and their relation to large-scale structures.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed photometric analysis of the environments of two specific DSFGs, exploring their potential as tracers of large-scale overdensities and protoclusters.

Findings

One DSFG is in a marginal overdensity, the other in a more significant overdensity.

HELMS-55 may follow the positive correlation between gas mass and overdensity.

SDP.17b appears as an outlier with a large gas reservoir despite low overdensity.

Abstract

Studying the environments of dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) provides insight into whether these luminous systems are reliable signposts of large-scale overdensities. Evidence suggests that individual DSFGs can trace overdense environments, although this association may not be universal. To test this, we investigate the environments surrounding two luminous, gravitationally-lensed DSFGs (SDP.17b at $z_\text{spec} = 2.3049$ and HELMS-55 at $z_\text{spec} = 2.2834$). Using Gemini South Flamingos-2 (F2) $K_s$-band imaging together with ancillary Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam and Hubble Space Telescope multi-band photometry, we obtain photometric redshifts, $z_\text{phot}$, as well as star formation rates and stellar mass estimates for companion galaxies of the DSFGs. At least $5\pm2$ and $15\pm3$ companion galaxies exist with consistent $z_\text{phot}$ ($dz \leq 0.2$) within a projected separation of 5.5 cMpc of SDP.17b and HELMS-55, respectively. These correspond to galaxy overdensities of $\delta = 0.1 \pm 0.2$ and ${\delta} =1.0 \pm 0.3$, with significances of $(0.2 \pm 0.4)\sigma$ and $(2.2 \pm 0.6) \sigma$, respectively. On the $M_{\rm H_2}$-overdensity-significance plane, HELMS-55 may follow the positive correlation between the gas mass and the overdensity significance, while SDP.17b lies well above the relation despite its large gas reservoir, making it a potential outlier. Based on this study of two DSFGs, our photometric analysis suggests that DSFGs can trace the outskirts of protoclusters or associated large-scale structures. However, our small sample prevents firm conclusions about their ability to pinpoint dense cluster cores. Future multi-object spectroscopic observations are required to confirm the membership and star formation properties of the companion galaxies.