Human-AI Interactions: Cognitive, Behavioral, and Emotional Impacts
Celeste Riley, Omar Al-Refai, Yadira Colunga Reyes, and Eman Hammad

TL;DR
This paper reviews recent research on human-AI interactions, highlighting cognitive, behavioral, and emotional impacts, and emphasizes the importance of responsible AI design to mitigate risks and enhance benefits.
Contribution
It provides a comprehensive survey of psychological effects of AI, identifying gaps and proposing the need for responsible, context-aware AI development and evaluation frameworks.
Findings
AI enhances memory, creativity, and engagement
Risks include diminished critical thinking and increased anxiety
Emotional impacts are mixed, with potential for support and dependency
Abstract
As stories of human-AI interactions continue to be highlighted in the news and research platforms, the challenges are becoming more pronounced, including potential risks of overreliance, cognitive offloading, social and emotional manipulation, and the nuanced degradation of human agency and judgment. This paper surveys recent research on these issues through the lens of the psychological triad: cognition, behavior, and emotion. Observations seem to suggest that while AI can substantially enhance memory, creativity, and engagement, it also introduces risks such as diminished critical thinking, skill erosion, and increased anxiety. Emotional outcomes are similarly mixed, with AI systems showing promise for support and stress reduction, but raising concerns about dependency, inappropriate attachments, and ethical oversight. This paper aims to underscore the need for responsible and…
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Taxonomy
TopicsEthics and Social Impacts of AI · Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education · AI in Service Interactions
