Controlling the centre of mass motion of levitated particles using structured wavefronts

TL;DR

This paper investigates how structuring the wavefront of trapping lasers affects the stability and frequencies of optically levitated particles, with implications for quantum sensing and fundamental physics.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive experimental and numerical analysis of wavefront structuring effects using Zernike polynomials, highlighting optimization strategies for trapping stability.

Findings

Clean, aberration-free beams optimize longitudinal trap frequencies.

Structured wavefronts can improve trap stability but may reduce transversal frequencies.

The study offers guidelines for wavefront control to enhance quantum sensor performance.

Abstract

Optically levitated particles have great potential to form the basis of novel quantum- enhanced sensors. These systems are very well suited for inertial sensing, as the particles are isolated from the environment when they are levitated at low pressures. However, there are many challenges in the experimental realization that may affect the performance of these systems. For example, optical aberrations in the wavefront of the trapping laser which arise from optical elements or misalignment have a great impact on the trapping potential. The detrimental effect of optical aberrations has not been thoroughly studied, and usually they are iteratively corrected, giving some conflicting results depending on the figures of merit that are used. In this work, we present a thorough study of the effects of structuring the wavefront of the trapping beams. We observe that clean beams, i.e. highly focused beams with unaberrated wavefronts, may be used to optimize the longitudinal frequencies, at the cost of the transversal ones. Our work is based in a combination of experimental studies using a complete basis of orthogonal polynomials (Zernike polynomials) to control the wavefront and a set of numerical calculations, which allow us to compare the impact of structured wavefronts on the quality of traps for optically levitated particles in vacuum. This will have direct applications in quantum sensing and fundamental studies of quantum mechanics, as it allows the reduction of optical backaction and thermal decoherence of the particles.