Breakdown of hydrodynamics in a one-dimensional cold gas

TL;DR

This paper analyzes a one-dimensional cold gas model with elastic collisions, revealing conditions under which the system exhibits hydrodynamic behavior, splatter phenomena, and ballistic motion, supported by analytical and numerical methods.

Contribution

It explicitly identifies mass ratios where the system transitions between hydrodynamic and non-hydrodynamic regimes, extending previous results to deterministic initial conditions.

Findings

Hydrodynamic behavior occurs at specific mass ratios.

Splatter is absent at certain mass ratios.

Blast front moves sublinearly as t^δ with δ<1.

Abstract

The following model is studied analytically and numerically: point particles with masses $m,\mu,m, \dots$ ($m\geq\mu$) are distributed over the positive half-axis. Their dynamics is initiated by giving a positive velocity to the particle located at the origin; in its course the particles undergo elastic collisions. We show that, for certain values of $m/\mu$, starting from the initial state where the particles are equidistant the system evolves in a hydrodynamic way: (i) the rightmost particle (blast front) moves as $t^{\delta}$ with $\delta < 1$; (ii) recoiled particles behind the front enter the negative half-axis; (iii) the splatter -- the particles with locations $x\leq 0$ -- moves in the ballistic way and eventually takes over the whole energy of the system. These results agree with those obtained in S. Chakraborti et al, SciPost Phys. 2022, 13, 074, for $m/\mu=2$ and random initial particle positions. At the same time, we explicitly found the collection of positive numbers $\{\mathcal{M}_i, i \in \mathbf{N} \}$ such that, for $m/\mu = \mathcal{M}_i$, $i\leq 700$, the following holds: (a) the splatter is absent; (b) the number of simultaneously moving particles is at most three; (c) the blast front moves in the ballistic way. However, if, similarly as in S. Chakraborti et al, the particle positions are sampled from a uniformly distributed ensemble, for $m/\mu = \mathcal{M}_i$ the system evolves in a hydrodynamic way.