Real critical exponents from the $\varepsilon$-expansion in an interacting $U(1)$ model with non-Hermitian $Z_4$ anisotropy

TL;DR

This paper investigates the critical behavior of a non-Hermitian, $ ext{PT}$-symmetric $U(1)$-invariant model, revealing real critical exponents and emergent Hermitian symmetry, with implications for non-Hermitian physics beyond gain-loss interpretations.

Contribution

It demonstrates real critical exponents in a non-Hermitian $U(1)$ model with $Z_4$ anisotropy and shows how Hermitian symmetry can emerge at large scales.

Findings

Real critical exponents are found in both unbroken and broken $ ext{PT}$ symmetry phases.

The most stable fixed point corresponds to an effectively Hermitian $U(1)$ symmetric system.

Emergent Hermitian and $U(1)$ symmetries occur in the model's large-distance behavior.

Abstract

In quantum optics and condensed matter physics non-Hermitian phenomena are often studied under the assumption of an open physical system. However, there are examples of intrinsically non-Hermitian, though often $\mathcal{PT}$ (parity-time) symmetric, not necessarily open systems, in which case the concept of gain and loss relative to an underlying environment is not primordial. A particularly intriguing example with experimental consequences in the literature is QCD at finite density. Motivated by the existence of such inherently non-Hermitian systems, here we study the critical behavior of a $U(1)$-invariant Lagrangian perturbed by a complex, $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetric $Z_{4}$ anisotropy. We find real critical exponents both in the region of unbroken and broken $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry. In the former the coupling constants for fixed points or lines are real, whereas in the latter they become complex. Importantly, the most stable fixed point corresponds to the flow at large distances towards an effectively Hermitian $U(1)$ symmetric system. This constitutes an example where both the $U(1)$ and the Hermitian character are emergent features of the theory. This tells us about the importance and physical meaning of some non-Hermitian systems beyond interpretations involving gain and loss.