# Local level sets of the Takagi-van der Waerden function

## TL;DR

This paper extends the concept of local level sets from the classical Takagi function to the generalized Takagi-van der Waerden functions for all even integers, deriving the expected number of local level sets in a level set.

## Contribution

It introduces the notion of local level sets for all even integers r and calculates their expected number in a level set for a uniformly distributed y.

## Key findings

- Expected number of local level sets for r=2 is 3/2.
- Expected number of local level sets for general even r is 1 + 1/r.
- The study generalizes previous results from r=2 to all even r.

## Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the Takagi-van der Waerden function, $$ T_r(x) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{\phi(r^n x)}{r^n} ,\quad x\in [0,1], \quad r \in \mathbb{Z}^+, $$ where $\phi(x)={\rm dist}(x,\mathbb{Z})$ represents the distance from $x$ to the nearest integer. %We prove that for every even integer $r \geq 2$, the expected number of local level sets contained in the level set $L_r(y)$ is $1 + 1/r$, if $y$ is a random variable uniformly distributed over the range of $T_r$. Lagarias and Maddock [Level sets of the Takagi function: local level sets, \emph{Monatsh. Math.}, {\bf 166} (2012), No. 2, 201--238] introduced the notion of local level sets for the classical Takagi function $T_2$. They proved that if $y$ is a random variable uniformly distributed over the range of $T_2$, then the expected number of local level sets contained in the level set $L_2(y)$ equals $3/2$. We extend the study by defining an analogous concept of local level sets for all even integers $r$. Then we prove that, for every even integer $r\geq 2$, if $y$ is a random variable uniformly distributed, then the expected number of local level sets contained in the level set $L_r(y)$ equals $1 + 1/r$.