# Adaptive extended Kalman filter and laser link acquisition in the detection of gravitational waves in space

## TL;DR

This paper proposes an adaptive extended Kalman filter integrated with laser link acquisition for gravitational wave detection in space, improving accuracy and reliability while reducing initial uncertainty in spacecraft positioning.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel laser link acquisition scheme using an adaptive extended Kalman filter and a QPD sensor, replacing traditional CCD cameras and combining acquisition stages into a single control loop.

## Key findings

- AEKF significantly reduces initial uncertainty in spacecraft positioning.
- The integrated control loop simplifies payload structure.
- Numerical simulations show improved performance under realistic noise conditions.

## Abstract

An alternative, new laser link acquisition scheme for the triangular constellation of spacecraft (SCs) in deep space in the detection of gravitational waves is considered. In place of a wide field CCD camera in the initial stage of laser link acquisition adopted in the conventional scheme, an extended Kalman filter based on precision orbit determination is incorporated in the point ahead angle mechanism (PAAM) to steer the laser beam in such a way to narrow the uncertainty cone and at the same time avoids the heating problem generated by the CCD camera.A quadrant photodetector (QPD) based on the Differential Power Sensing (DPS) technique, which offers a higher dynamic range than differential wavefront sensing (DWS), is employed as the readout of the laser beam spot. The conventional two stages (coarse acquisition and fine acquisition) are integrated into a single control loop. The payload structure of the ATP control loop is simplified and numerical simulations, based on a colored measurement noise model that closely mimics the prospective on-orbit conditions, demonstrate that the AEKF significantly reduces the initial uncertainty region by predicting the point ahead angle (PAA) even when the worst case scenario in SC position (navigation) error is considered.