# On the Spectral Properties of a Class of Planar Sierpinski Self-Affine Measures

## TL;DR

This paper studies the spectral properties of certain self-affine measures based on Sierpinski structures, providing conditions for spectrality and orthogonality of exponential functions.

## Contribution

It offers new necessary and sufficient conditions for these measures to be spectral, especially distinguishing cases where the matrix is isotropic or anisotropic.

## Key findings

- Derived conditions for spectrality when
ho_1 =
ho_2.
- Quantified maximum orthogonal exponential functions in absence of spectrality.
- Established criteria for spectral measures with
ho_1
eq
ho_2.

## Abstract

We investigate the spectral properties of a class of Sierpinski-type self-affine measures defined by \[ \mu_{M,D}(\cdot) = p^{-1} \sum_{d \in D} \mu_{M,D}(M(\cdot) - d), \] where \( p \) is a prime number, \( M = \begin{bmatrix} \rho_1^{-1} & c 0 & \rho_2^{-1} \end{bmatrix} \) is a real upper triangular expanding matrix, and \( D = \{d_0, d_1, \cdots, d_{p-1}\} \subset \mathbb{Z}^2 \) satisfying \( \mathcal{Z}(\widehat{\delta}_{D}) = \cup_{j=1}^{p-1} \left( \frac{j \bm{a}}{p} + \mathbb{Z}^2 \right) \) for some \( \bm{a} \in \mathcal{E}_{p}= \{ (i_1, i_2)^* : i_1, i_2 \in [1, p-1] \cap \mathbb{Z} \} \), where \( \mathcal{Z}(\widehat{\delta}_{D}) \) denotes the set of zeros of \( \widehat{\delta}_{D} \) with \( \delta_{D} = \frac{1}{\# D} \sum_{d \in D} \delta_d \). When $\rho_1 = \rho_2$, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for $\mu_{M,D}$ to both: $(i)$ possess an infinite orthogonal set of exponential functions, and $(ii)$ be a spectral measure. When no infinite orthogonal exponential system exists in $L^{2}(\mu_{M,D})$, we quantify the maximum number of orthogonal exponentials and provide precise estimates. For $\rho_1 \neq \rho_2$, with restricted digit sets $D$, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for $\mu_{M,D}$ to be a spectral measure.