# Probing UHECR sources - Constraints from cosmic-ray measurements

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how recent cosmic-ray measurements and modeling advancements constrain the origins of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, highlighting the role of extragalactic sources, composition, and anisotropy in understanding their sources.

## Contribution

It provides a comprehensive review of current constraints on UHECR sources based on recent observational data and theoretical modeling advancements.

## Key findings

- Extragalactic sources emitting intermediate-mass nuclei explain spectrum and composition.
- Anisotropy measurements constrain source density and distribution.
- Open questions remain about source similarity and highest energy event origins.

## Abstract

Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are the most energetic particles known - and yet their origin is still an open question. However, with the precision and accumulated statistics of the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array, in combination with advancements in theory and modeling - e.g. of the Galactic magnetic field - it is now possible to set solid constraints on the sources of UHECRs. The spectrum and composition measurements above the ankle can be well described by a population of extragalactic, homogeneously distributed sources emitting mostly intermediate-mass nuclei. Using additionally the observed anisotropy in the arrival directions, namely the large-scale dipole >8 EeV as well as smaller-scale warmspots at higher energies, even more powerful constraints on the density and distribution of sources can be placed. Yet, open questions remain - like the striking similarity of the sources that is necessary to describe the rather pure mass composition above the ankle, or the origin of the highest energy events whose tracked back directions point towards voids. The current findings and possible interpretation of UHECR data will be presented in this review.