# Extending flow birefringence analysis to combined extensional-shear flows via Jeffery-Hamel flow measurements

## TL;DR

This paper extends flow birefringence analysis to combined extensional-shear flows using Jeffery-Hamel flow measurements, demonstrating that birefringence magnitude follows the root-sum-square of shear and extension contributions.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel approach to analyze birefringence in complex flows with coexisting deformation modes based on principal stress formulation.

## Key findings

- Birefringence in combined flows follows the root-sum-square of shear and extension contributions.
- Velocity field validation shows good agreement between PIV measurements and analytical solutions.
- The approach aligns with Mohr's circle stress analysis, enabling extended birefringence analysis.

## Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between phase retardation and strain rates in combined extensional-shear flows using the Jeffery-Hamel flow formalism, which yields an analytical velocity solution. Flow birefringence was measured in a 1.0 wt$\%$ cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspension using a high-speed polarization camera. The velocity field was validated via particle image velocimetry (PIV), which showed good agreement with the analytical solution. In regions dominated by either shear or extensional components, the birefringence behavior was consistent with prior theoretical and experimental findings. In the combined extensional-shear regions of the Jeffery-Hamel flow, the birefringence magnitude followed the root-sum-square (RSS) of the shear- and extension-induced contributions. This observation aligns with the principal stress formulation derived from Mohr's circle, in which the principal stress is expressed as the RSS of extensional and shear stresses. This finding provides a basis for extending stress-birefringence analysis to flows with coexisting deformation modes.