# On cusps in the $\eta'$ potential

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the presence of cusps in the $ ext{eta'}$ potential in QCD, analyzing how these features depend on the number of flavors and colors, and their relation to anomalies and confinement.

## Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the conditions under which the $ ext{eta'}$ potential exhibits cusps or smooth behavior, linking anomaly arguments with the structure of the potential.

## Key findings

- Cusps appear at specific $ ext{eta'}$ values when $N_f$ and $N$ are not coprime.
- Number of potential branches equals $ ext{gcd}(N,N_f)$, matching anomaly constraints.
- S-confinement is consistent only when $N_f$ and $N$ are coprime.

## Abstract

The large $N$ analysis of QCD states that the potential for the $\eta'$ meson develops cusps at $\eta' = \pi / N_f$, $3 \pi /N_f$, $\cdots$, with $N_f$ the number of flavors. Furthermore, the recent discussion of generalized anomalies tells us that even for finite $N$ there should be cusps if $N$ and $N_f$ are not coprime, as one can show that the domain wall configuration of $\eta'$ should support a Chern-Simons theory on it, i.e., domains are not smoothly connected. On the other hand, there is a supporting argument for instanton-like, smooth potentials of $\eta'$ from the analyses of softly-broken supersymmetric QCD for $N_f= N-1$, $N$, and $N+1$. We argue that the analysis of the $N_f = N$ case should be subject to the above anomaly argument, and thus there should be a cusp; while the $N_f = N \pm 1$ cases are consistent, as $N_f$ and $N$ are coprime. We discuss how this cuspy/smooth transition can be understood. For $N_f< N$, we find that the number of branches of the $\eta'$ potential is $\operatorname{gcd}(N,N_f)$, which is the minimum number allowed by the anomaly. We also discuss the condition for s-confinement in QCD-like theories, and find that in general the anomaly matching of the $\theta$ periodicity indicates that s-confinement can only be possible when $N_f$ and $N$ are coprime. The s-confinement in supersymmetric QCD at $N_f = N+1$ is a famous example, and the argument generalizes for any number of fermions in the adjoint representation.