# Beyond Optimization: Exploring Novelty Discovery in Autonomous Experiments

## TL;DR

This paper introduces INS2ANE, a novel framework for autonomous experiments that emphasizes discovering new phenomena by balancing exploration and novelty, thereby expanding scientific discovery beyond mere optimization.

## Contribution

The paper presents INS2ANE, a new approach combining novelty scoring and strategic sampling to enhance the discovery of unknown phenomena in autonomous experiments.

## Key findings

- Increased diversity of explored phenomena compared to traditional methods
- Enhanced likelihood of discovering previously unobserved phenomena
- Validated on microscopy experiments with promising results

## Abstract

Autonomous experiments (AEs) are transforming how scientific research is conducted by integrating artificial intelligence with automated experimental platforms. Current AEs primarily focus on the optimization of a predefined target; while accelerating this goal, such an approach limits the discovery of unexpected or unknown physical phenomena. Here, we introduce a novel framework, INS2ANE (Integrated Novelty Score-Strategic Autonomous Non-Smooth Exploration), to enhance the discovery of novel phenomena in autonomous experimentation. Our method integrates two key components: (1) a novelty scoring system that evaluates the uniqueness of experimental results, and (2) a strategic sampling mechanism that promotes exploration of under-sampled regions even if they appear less promising by conventional criteria. We validate this approach on a pre-acquired dataset with a known ground truth comprising of image-spectral pairs. We further implement the process on autonomous scanning probe microscopy experiments. INS2ANE significantly increases the diversity of explored phenomena in comparison to conventional optimization routines, enhancing the likelihood of discovering previously unobserved phenomena. These results demonstrate the potential for AE to enhance the depth of scientific discovery; in combination with the efficiency provided by AEs, this approach promises to accelerate scientific research by simultaneously navigating complex experimental spaces to uncover new phenomena.

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/2508.20254