# Any gate of a quantum computer can be certified device-independently

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that any quantum gate can be certified in a device-independent manner using quantum networks, advancing the ability to verify quantum operations directly from observed data without detailed assumptions.

## Contribution

It introduces a method to self-test any quantum unitary within the device-independent framework using quantum networks with multiple sources.

## Key findings

- Any quantum unitary can be self-tested in a device-independent way.
- The method leverages quantum networks with independent sources.
- This approach advances verification of quantum gates in quantum computing.

## Abstract

Device-independent (DI) certification allows the verification of quantum systems based solely on observed statistics, without assumptions about their internal structure. While self-testing, the strongest DI certification, of a wide range of quantum states and measurements is done, the self-testing of quantum operations remains underdeveloped. Here, we show in a proof-of-principle way that any quantum unitary can be self-tested within the DI paradigm. For our purpose, we utilise the framework of quantum networks with multiple independent sources. Our work provides a fundamental step toward certifying quantum interactions directly from data, without detailed modelling assumptions. Moreover, the result also serves as a crucial ingredient for quantum computation, where verifying that quantum gates perform as intended is essential for building secure and reliable quantum processors.