Weed Detection in Challenging Field Conditions: A Semi-Supervised Framework for Overcoming Shadow Bias and Data Scarcity

TL;DR

This paper presents a semi-supervised framework for weed detection in challenging field conditions, addressing shadow bias and data scarcity to improve model robustness and accuracy in precision agriculture.

Contribution

The study introduces a semi-supervised pipeline that leverages unlabeled data to reduce shadow bias and enhance weed detection performance in real-world agricultural settings.

Findings

Achieved up to 0.90 F1 score in classification

Attained over 0.82 mAP50 in detection

Demonstrated effectiveness in low-data regimes

Abstract

The automated management of invasive weeds is critical for sustainable agriculture, yet the performance of deep learning models in real-world fields is often compromised by two factors: challenging environmental conditions and the high cost of data annotation. This study tackles both issues through a diagnostic-driven, semi-supervised framework. Using a unique dataset of approximately 975 labeled and 10,000 unlabeled images of Guinea Grass in sugarcane, we first establish strong supervised baselines for classification (ResNet) and detection (YOLO, RF-DETR), achieving F1 scores up to 0.90 and mAP50 scores exceeding 0.82. Crucially, this foundational analysis, aided by interpretability tools, uncovered a pervasive "shadow bias," where models learned to misidentify shadows as vegetation. This diagnostic insight motivated our primary contribution: a semi-supervised pipeline that leverages unlabeled data to enhance model robustness. By training models on a more diverse set of visual information through pseudo-labeling, this framework not only helps mitigate the shadow bias but also provides a tangible boost in recall, a critical metric for minimizing weed escapes in automated spraying systems. To validate our methodology, we demonstrate its effectiveness in a low-data regime on a public crop-weed benchmark. Our work provides a clear and field-tested framework for developing, diagnosing, and improving robust computer vision systems for the complex realities of precision agriculture.