MRExtrap: Longitudinal Aging of Brain MRIs using Linear Modeling in Latent Space

TL;DR

MRExtrap introduces a linear modeling approach in the latent space of autoencoders to predict brain aging in MRI scans, outperforming GAN-based methods and enabling subject-specific refinement with multiple scans.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel linear latent space model for brain MRI aging prediction, incorporating Bayesian updates and demonstrating improved accuracy over existing generative models.

Findings

Accurately predicts brain aging patterns on ADNI dataset.

Outperforms GAN-based baseline in single-volume aging prediction.

Latent progression rates correlate with known atrophy patterns.

Abstract

Simulating aging in 3D brain MRI scans can reveal disease progression patterns in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Current deep learning-based generative models typically approach this problem by predicting future scans from a single observed scan. We investigate modeling brain aging via linear models in the latent space of convolutional autoencoders (MRExtrap). Our approach, MRExtrap, is based on our observation that autoencoders trained on brain MRIs create latent spaces where aging trajectories appear approximately linear. We train autoencoders on brain MRIs to create latent spaces, and investigate how these latent spaces allow predicting future MRIs through linear extrapolation based on age, using an estimated latent progression rate $\boldsymbol{\beta}$. For single-scan prediction, we propose using population-averaged and subject-specific priors on linear progression rates. We also demonstrate that predictions in the presence of additional scans can be flexibly updated using Bayesian posterior sampling, providing a mechanism for subject-specific refinement. On the ADNI dataset, MRExtrap predicts aging patterns accurately and beats a GAN-based baseline for single-volume prediction of brain aging. We also demonstrate and analyze multi-scan conditioning to incorporate subject-specific progression rates. Finally, we show that the latent progression rates in MRExtrap's linear framework correlate with disease and age-based aging patterns from previously studied structural atrophy rates. MRExtrap offers a simple and robust method for the age-based generation of 3D brain MRIs, particularly valuable in scenarios with multiple longitudinal observations.