Quantum computing on encrypted data with arbitrary rotation gates

TL;DR

This paper introduces a universal scheme for quantum computing on encrypted data using arbitrary rotation gates, significantly reducing circuit depth and advancing practical secure quantum computation in the NISQ era.

Contribution

It demonstrates recursive decryption of parametric rotation gates for arbitrary angles and proposes a universal half-blind quantum computation scheme with improved efficiency.

Findings

Recursive decryption of $R_z( heta)$ is exact for $ heta= extstylerac{ ext{ extpm}\pi}{2^m}$.

Approximate decryption is possible for arbitrary $ heta$ with precision $ extepsilon$.

The new scheme reduces the depth of blind circuits, enabling more practical secure quantum computing.

Abstract

An efficient technique of computing on encrypted data allows a client with limited capability to perform complex operations on a remote fault-tolerant server without leaking anything about the input or output. Quantum computing provides information-theoretic security to solve such a problem, and many such techniques have been proposed under the premises of half-blind quantum computation. However, they are dependent on a fixed non-parametric resource set that comprises some universal combination of $H,S,T,CX, CZ$ or $CCX$ gates. In this study, we show that recursive decryption of the parametric gate, $R_z(\theta)$, is possible exactly when $\theta=\pm\pi/2^m$ for $m\in \mathbb{Z^{+}}$, and approximately with arbitrary precision $\epsilon$ for given $\theta$. We also show that a blind algorithm based on such a technique needs at most $O(\log_2^2(\pi/\epsilon))$ computation steps and communication rounds, while the techniques based on a non-parametric resource set require $O(\ln^{3.97}(1/\epsilon))$ rounds. We use these results to propose a universal scheme of half-blind quantum computation for computing on encrypted data using arbitrary rotation gates. This substantial reduction in the depth of blind circuit is an affirmative step towards the practical application of such techniques in secure NISQ-era computing.