Hillas meets Eddington: The case for blazars as ultra-high-energy neutrino sources

TL;DR

This paper introduces a physically motivated leptohadronic jet model for blazars, demonstrating their potential as efficient sources of ultra-high-energy neutrinos consistent with IceCube and KM3NeT observations.

Contribution

The work develops a new jet evolution model directly tied to jet physics, improving upon single-zone models for predicting neutrino emission from blazars.

Findings

Protons are accelerated to EeV energies, producing neutrinos up to 100 PeV.

The model fits multi-wavelength data for TXS 0506+056 and PKS 0605-085.

Protons carry about 1% of the Eddington luminosity, confirming energetic viability.

Abstract

Blazars are promising high-energy neutrino source candidates. However, leptohadronic models face challenges in describing neutrino emission within a viable energy budget, and their predictive power is limited by the commonly used single-zone approximation and the reliance on phenomenological parameters. In this work, we present a new leptohadronic model where a sub-Eddington jet evolves from magnetically- to kinetically dominated. A small fraction of the electrons and protons picked up by the jet are continuously accelerated to a power-law spectrum, estimated based on the local magnetic field strength, turbulence, and ambient density, for which we assume power-law profiles. The model parameters are thus directly tied to the jet physics and are comparable in number to typical single-zone models. We then numerically calculate the emission along the jet. Applying the model to the IceCube candidate TXS 0506+056, we find that protons are accelerated to EeV energies in the inner jet, producing a neutrino flux up to order 100 PeV that is consistent with the 10 year IceCube point-source data. Proton emission at 0.1 pc describes the X-ray and gamma-ray data, while electron emission at the parsec scale describes the optical data. Protons carry a power of about 1% of the Eddington luminosity, showing that the model is energetically viable. The particle spectra follow $E^{-1.8}$, with diffusion scaling as $E^{0.3}$, ruling out Bohm-like diffusion. Additional particle injection near the broad line region can reproduce the 2017 flare associated to a high-energy neutrino. We also apply the model to blazar PKS 0605-085, which may be associated with a recent neutrino detected by KM3NeT above 100 PeV. The results suggest that blazars are efficient neutrino emitters at ultra-high energies, making them prime candidates for future experiments targeting this challenging energy range.