Metamorphic Coverage

TL;DR

Metamorphic Coverage (MC) is a new metric that measures the distinct code executed by test input pairs in metamorphic testing, providing a more accurate and efficient way to evaluate testing effectiveness and detect bugs.

Contribution

This work introduces Metamorphic Coverage, a novel metric for assessing metamorphic testing that outperforms traditional coverage and mutation testing in bug detection and efficiency.

Findings

MC overlaps with 78% of bug-fix locations

MC is 4x more sensitive than line coverage

MC is 359x faster than mutation testing

Abstract

Metamorphic testing is a widely used methodology that examines an expected relation between pairs of executions to automatically find bugs, such as correctness bugs. We found that code coverage cannot accurately measure the extent to which code is validated and mutation testing is computationally expensive for evaluating metamorphic testing methods. In this work, we propose Metamorphic Coverage (MC), a coverage metric that examines the distinct code executed by pairs of test inputs within metamorphic testing. Our intuition is that, typically, a bug can be observed if the corresponding code is executed when executing either test input but not the other one, so covering more differential code covered by pairs of test inputs might be more likely to expose bugs. While most metamorphic testing methods have been based on this general intuition, our work defines and systematically evaluates MC on five widely used metamorphic testing methods for testing database engines, compilers, and constraint solvers. The code measured by MC overlaps with the bug-fix locations of 50 of 64 bugs found by metamorphic testing methods, and MC has a stronger positive correlation with bug numbers than line coverage. MC is 4x more sensitive than line coverage in distinguishing testing methods' effectiveness, and the average value of MC is 6x smaller than line coverage while still capturing the part of the program that is being tested. MC required 359x less time than mutation testing. Based on a case study for an automated database system testing approach, we demonstrate that when used for feedback guidance, MC significantly outperforms code coverage, by finding 41\% more bugs. Consequently, this work might have broad applications for assessing metamorphic testing methods and improving test-case generation.