Energy conditions for regular black holes in EFT of gravity

TL;DR

This paper investigates the existence of regular black hole solutions within effective field theory of gravity, showing that matter supporting such solutions satisfies energy conditions outside the horizon but violates the null energy condition inside.

Contribution

It demonstrates that regular black holes in EFT can satisfy energy conditions outside the horizon and remain valid within the interior, highlighting the role of higher-order curvature corrections.

Findings

Matter supporting regular black holes satisfies WEC outside the horizon.

NEC is violated inside the horizon in all examined cases.

EFT description remains valid inside the regular black hole due to bounded curvature.

Abstract

As Einstein's gravity is a non-renormalizable theory, it can be a good description of physics only at the scales of energy or spacetime curvature below the Planck mass. Moreover, it requires the presence of an infinite tower of higher-derivative corrections, as required in the framework of effective field theory (EFT). Black holes, known to be vacuum solutions in Einstein's gravity, necessarily have singularities in the center, where both Einstein's gravity and low-energy EFT expansions break down. In this work, we address the question of whether, in the presence of matter, regular solutions looking like black holes from outside do exist. We show that the matter distribution supporting the regular black hole solution in the presence of Riemann tensor cube and Riemann tensor to the fourth power EFT corrections satisfies positivity of energy (also called weak energy condition, WEC) and null energy condition (NEC) everywhere outside the horizon. Unlike the case of singular solutions, the EFT description is also valid in the interior of such an object, given that the maximal curvature is bounded and does not exceed the cut-off scale. We found that in a wide range of parameters, WEC is satisfied inside the horizon, but NEC is violated inside the horizon in all cases.