Adding colour to the Zernike wavefront sensor: Advantages of including multi-wavelength measurements for wavefront reconstruction

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that multi-wavelength measurements significantly enhance the robustness, dynamic range, and noise resilience of the Zernike wavefront sensor, especially for direct imaging of Earth-like planets.

Contribution

It introduces a multi-wavelength approach to improve ZWFS performance, including phase unwrapping and noise robustness, using numerical simulations with advanced algorithms.

Findings

Multi-wavelength measurements extend the scalar ZWFS dynamic range.

Broader bandpass increases photon count and robustness to noise.

Multi-wavelength phase unwrapping enables large discontinuity measurements.

Abstract

To directly image Earth-like planets, contrast levels of 10^-8 - 10^-10 are required. The next generation of instruments will need wavefront control below the nanometer level to achieve these goals. The Zernike wavefront sensor (ZWFS) is a promising candidate thanks to its sensitivity, which reaches the fundamental quantum information limits. However, its highly non-linear response restricts its practical use case. We aim to demonstrate the improvement in robustness of the ZWFS by reconstructing the wavefront based on multi-wavelength measurements facilitated by technologies such as the microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs). We performed numerical simulations using an accelerated multi-wavelength gradient descent reconstruction algorithm. Three aspects are considered: dynamic range, photon noise sensitivity, and phase unwrapping. We examined both the scalar and vector ZWFS. Firstly, we find that using multiple wavelengths improves the dynamic range of the scalar ZWFS. However, for the vector ZWFS, its already extended range was not further increased. In addition, a multi-wavelength reconstruction allowed us to take advantage of a broader bandpass, which increases the number of available photons, making the reconstruction more robust to photon noise. Finally, multi-wavelength phase unwrapping enabled the measurement of large discontinuities such as petal errors with a trade-off in noise performance.