Personalized Counterfactual Framework: Generating Potential Outcomes from Wearable Data

TL;DR

This paper presents a novel framework that leverages wearable sensor data to generate personalized counterfactual outcomes, enabling exploration of individual-specific responses to lifestyle interventions for health monitoring.

Contribution

It introduces a method combining data augmentation, causal discovery, and machine learning to model and simulate personalized health trajectories from wearable data.

Findings

Reasonable predictive accuracy (e.g., mean heart rate MAE 4.71 bpm)

High counterfactual plausibility (median 0.9643)

Significant inter-individual variability in response to interventions

Abstract

Wearable sensor data offer opportunities for personalized health monitoring, yet deriving actionable insights from their complex, longitudinal data streams is challenging. This paper introduces a framework to learn personalized counterfactual models from multivariate wearable data. This enables exploring what-if scenarios to understand potential individual-specific outcomes of lifestyle choices. Our approach first augments individual datasets with data from similar patients via multi-modal similarity analysis. We then use a temporal PC (Peter-Clark) algorithm adaptation to discover predictive relationships, modeling how variables at time t-1 influence physiological changes at time t. Gradient Boosting Machines are trained on these discovered relationships to quantify individual-specific effects. These models drive a counterfactual engine projecting physiological trajectories under hypothetical interventions (e.g., activity or sleep changes). We evaluate the framework via one-step-ahead predictive validation and by assessing the plausibility and impact of interventions. Evaluation showed reasonable predictive accuracy (e.g., mean heart rate MAE 4.71 bpm) and high counterfactual plausibility (median 0.9643). Crucially, these interventions highlighted significant inter-individual variability in response to hypothetical lifestyle changes, showing the framework's potential for personalized insights. This work provides a tool to explore personalized health dynamics and generate hypotheses on individual responses to lifestyle changes.